Getting Fresh with the Natives

Lantana camara 'Miss Huff' -- she's not from around these parts, but she sure is purty...

Well, here we are - early August, weeks of temperatures in the 90s (car thermometer registered 97 on the highway today), not much rain recently, brutal humidity and an obstinate gardener who insists on letting plants more or less fend for themselves.

Why no sprinkler? No endless hours spent hose in hand? No drip irrigation system feeding precious moisture like an IV to the roots?

Because I want to see which plants are tough enough to stand on their own and thrive amid this fiery crucible.

Because in a world of 7+ billion people where resource scarcity is real and likely to get worse, I want to garden with minimal inputs yielding maximum beauty and ecosystem benefits.

One of the dogmas in gardening these days is that native plants are almost always best adapted to the local climate, so one of the things I wanted to check while I walked around the garden was how the natives were faring compared to the exotics. Here's what I found:

Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) is a native, but it ain't looking too perky these days. I think it needs more shade (e.g., woodland understory, forest edge) and/or consistent moisture to look its best. That said, I believe it would survive a drought, it's just not going to win any beauty contests in its current state.

Teucrium chamaedrys, wall germander, native to the Mediterranean and the Middle East, hanging tough as a groundcover. I think this one would actually prefer more sun.

Ajuga genevensis, blue bugle, native to Europe, but acting right at home in Tennessee. This one would probably be happier in a little more shade, but I've got three patches around the garden that are all rocking away in various amounts of sun.

Coreopsis verticillata, threadleaf coreopsis, a regional native (i.e., native to the Southeast, but not really native to Tennessee). Sorry for the blurry photo (it was getting dark), but the multitude of swirling ferny leaves makes a nice piece of abstract art. The bloom has paused, but the foliage and the plant's overall healthy seem robust.

Vitex agnus-castus, chaste tree, another Mediterranean native, not only is hanging tough in the heat and drought, it's actually pushing new foliage! Did I mention this plant lives alongside the driveway, where it tolerates brutal blasts of wind and bakes in the sunshine for most of the day?

Solidago sphacelata 'Golden Fleece', autumn goldenrod, now here is a true Tennessee native that has won praise from all sorts of sources, including the Chicago Botanic Garden and Missouri Botanical Garden. I love the foliage, which still looks fresh and clean in the heat and drought. Again, this is right alongside a scorching concrete driveway. Still, I must say I'm disappointed that the plant is still so petite after four months in the ground. But perhaps it's building its roots and biding its time 'til next year. (Getting nibbled back a few times by rabbits probably didn't help either!)

Juniperus virginiana 'Burkii', eastern redcedar, just beautiful, couldn't care less about the heat and drought. The only thing that bothers it are the dastardly bagworms. Dang bagworms!!@#!

Hibiscus syriacus 'Blue Bird', rose of Sharon, not-native, seemingly unperturbed by the heat

Rhus aromatica 'Gro-Low', fragrant sumac, this native is sort of a puzzle. Some of the new growth seems fresh as can be...

...while a good bit of the old growth looks curled and stressed. I've read that Rhus aromatica can struggle on heavy soil, which is what I've got. (Of course, I read that after I installed three of the shrubs...)

Sorry for the flash, but this is one of our native mountain mints, Pycnanthemum tenuifolium. You may not be able to tell from this photo, but the plant seems quite tough and moderately floriferous in its first year in the garden.

Just looking up at the hazy early evening August sky...

If you look closely in the middle of the photo, you should be able to spot white dots that look like they're hanging by threads. I believe those are green lacewing eggs, which is a good thing, because green lacewing larvae reportedly are voracious predators of aphids. And as you may be able to see, my Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed) here is coated with bright yellow aphids, whose sticky, shiny excretions are in turn coating the plant (thus attracting both ants and flies). Hopefully some green lacewings can help bring things a bit closer to balance.

And here's an aerial view of the same plant. I originally planted three swamp milkweeds last autumn, but only one managed to grow to maturity this year. Even though it's a 'swamp' milkweed and would probably love moist or wet soil, as you can see it has good drought tolerance under all-day sun in the far back of my property. The flowers seem very attractive to bees and butterflies. A couple days ago, I saw some caterpillars - perhaps monarch butterfly caterpillars - on the leaves, but when I went to take a photo this evening, I couldn't find any. I guess they were hiding? I'll need to look again in the morning.

Coreopsis auriculata 'Nana', dwarf mouse-ear tickseed, it's a native and it's supposed to like full sun and be drought tolerant, yet here it seems to be struggling mightily, whereas two other specimens planted at the same time this past spring in more shade are doing much better. Now that I look closely, I wonder if rabbits may bear a lot of the blame for the dire straits in which this plant finds itself. Though why wouldn't the rabbits eat the other plants growing in more shade? A mystery...

Viburnum dentatum, our native arrowwood viburnum, beautiful foliage and - as you can see - it's pushing new growth despite the heat and drought. Arrowwood viburnums are usually sold just as cultivars, but this is the straight species and planted in full sun.

Indian grass, Sorghastrum nutans 'Sioux Blue', native

Morella cerifera, syn. Myrica cerifera, southern wax myrtle, one of my favorite plants so far in 2015, I'd say it has quadrupled or quintupled in size since I planted in last autumn. I actually planted two of them, but only this one made it through our unusually harsh winter. These are widespread throughout the Southeast, but mainly in the Coastal Plain, although there are naturally occurring populations in northern Alabama just a couple hours drive south of where I am in Middle Tennessee.

Not a native plant here, but Cosmos bipinnatus is still gorgeous and offers benefits to pollinators -- not to mention rabbits, who gnaw through 6-foot tall stems and then nibble the plant to pieces.

Not a native and not always that pretty, but Viburnum 'Pragense' - the Prague viburnum - is slowly winning by respect as a tough survivor. As you can see, this one too is pushing new growth despite the punishing one-two punch of heat and humidity.

On the other hand, some of the natives - like this annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus) are not looking so hot. The only pretty pop of color in this picture is the Zinnia elegans, which is native to Mexico. (Note, annual sunflowers are actually far more widespread further west. Tennessee has only a waif population.)

But here's a native vine that is thriving and shining in the heat - Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia creeper - shown here scaling a brick wall along the front of the house.

Right nearby you'll find another native - Symphyotrichum laeve 'Bluebird' - the smooth aster. This one is approximately six-feet tall in its first year in the garden and just getting ready to bloom!!

I'll state up front that I love purple coneflowers for their ability to attract bees, butterflies and goldfinches. That said, my coneflowers have gotten into a lot of trouble this year. This one growing in afternoon shade has pretty good looking foliage, but the stems flopped and/or got blown down a couple of weeks ago...

...the flowers are still hanging on, although the stalks are now parallel to the ground. Not sure how they'll fare next time the lawn mowing and edging crew comes through.

It's my first year trying to grow American spikenard (Aralia racemosa). I suspect this plant would like a little more shade, but even in its first year, it seems better able than the oakleaf hydrangea to tolerate sunshine from morning until early afternoon.

Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorus), pretty fresh, but not native to these parts (native to China and Japan)

Perhaps my favorite evergreen (evergreen-and-yellow?) foundation shrub - Japanese aucuba (Aucuba japonica), also know as "gold dust plant". As the common and Latin names suggest, this is native to Japan (plus China and the Himalayas). As long as it has afternoon shade, it seems perfectly happy in hot, humid Tennessee summers.

Many ferns have a reputation for wanting/needing consistently moist woodland conditions, but Dryopteris x australis (Dixie wood fern), a naturally occuring hybrid of two other ferns that are native to the Southeast, doesn't mind the heat and seems happy enough in dry soil as long as it gets a good amount of shade.

Sources will tell you that dwarf fothergilla (Fothergilla gardenii) prefers acidic soil, but can tolerate neutral or even slightly alkaline conditions. The one time I had my soil tested, it came back as circumneutral and this dwarf fothergilla shrub seems totally at home in the front foundation, where it gets morning sun and afternoon shade. As you can see, it's starting to send up suckers close to the base of the plant, which seems to me a good indication that it would like to naturalize if given the chance.

Thuja occidentalis 'DeGroot's Spire' (American arborvitae) is a native evergreen that seems tough enough to sail through the Tennessee summer (in a partial shade setting) with barely any supplemental water. Unlike with the Juniperus virginiana, I have not had any problems with bagworms on the arborvitae (yet).

Our native redbud (Cercis canadensis) looking pretty fresh, all things considered

(If you peak closely at the redbud, you can see next year's buds already formed...)

Not all Viburnum dentatum shrubs are created equal. In addition the species highlighted above, I am growing two cultivars. This one ('Pearl Bleu') is in partial shade, and yet it seems more stressed (with some burnt foliage) than the straight species growing in full sun.

Right next to 'Pearl Bleu' is an arrowwood cultivar called 'Chicago Lustre'. The name is apt, as the foliage truly is lustrous. You can see a few blue berries peaking out from amid the shiny leaves. This cultivar so far has lived up to its reputation of being even more heat tolerant and drought tolerant than the species.

It's easy to overlook this diminutive perennial, but this is Mitchella repens (partridgeberry), a native evergreen groundcover. From what I've read, it has a reputation as being a bit finicky. I tried planting a couple of plugs last autumn and only one seems to have established itself, but it looks like it's growing pretty nicely now and doesn't seem to mind the heat or drought as long as it has a good amount of shade. Apparently, it produces berries that are edible for people (and ruffed grouse), but I haven't seen any yet (either berries or grouse).

This is a top-down look at Hibiscus coccineus (swamp hibiscus, Texas star). It was nibbled to the nubs by deer or rabbits earlier in the summer when it was planted in the far back of our property, where the deer are more inclined to roam. I transplanted it closer to the house (where it also receives morning shade) and it has responded by leafing out again and forming some buds. Excited to see the flowers soon! Its other common name is "swamp hibiscus", so I'm sure it would appreciate more water, but it seems perfectly capable of flourishing under drought conditions. I think I've only watered it a few times all summer, and that's just because I'm trying to get it established. Despite the fact that it's called Texas star, it's actually found more often in the wild growing in Florida and Louisiana.

Love our native switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Some of them have flopped due to heavy rains earlier in the summer, but these tough guys ('Heavy Metal' cultivar) are still standing strong and looking pretty.

I can't say as much for Phlox paniculata 'David' (tall garden phlox). I'm torn on these plants. This is the first year that I saw pollinators -- beautiful swallowtail butterflies -- nectaring on the flowers. And yet...well, they're not looking good here in early August. I'm not seven sure if they're dying out or just dying back. Tall garden phlox is native to Tennessee, but we're sort of toward the southern end of its range. It seems more prevalent through the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic.

It doesn't look like much right now, but I really like our native blue-eyed grass, which was covered with little pale blue flowers for months earlier in the season. Despite the fact that I've barely given it any supplemental water in its first year in the garden, most of the foliage is still looking fresh and lush in late summer. Why isn't it more popular? I blame the tongue-twisting Latin name (Sisyrinchium angustifolium).

Some of the interior foliage is senescing, but the outer foliage is dense and airy enough that our native aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium) 'October Skies' still looks beautiful despite the drought and heat. Actually, there are three October Skies asters here that have grown together into one large clump. As you can see, aromatic aster actually makes quite a nice weed-blocking tall groundcover. I may follow recommendations next year to prune back the foliage earlier in the summer to promote even greater density...

As usual, the foliage on Baptisia australis (blue false indigo) still looks marvelous despite drought and heat. Although B. australis is native to Tennessee, it's much more common further west in Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. This year, for the first time, the plant has the added benefit of large, deep-purple seedpods that rattle when shook.

The shrubby 'Grey Owl' cultivar of our native Juniperus virginiana seems unperturbed by the weather. I haven't noticed any bagworms on either of our Grey Owls yet, but I don't think that means they're immune. I assume it means the worms (caterpillars, really) just haven't found them yet.

There seems to be some confusion as to whether Amsonia 'Blue Ice' is a hybrid or a cultivar of the Southeast native A. tabernaemontana. Either way, I think it makes a marvelous, tough garden plant. It's supposed to prefer sun, but seems to be flourishing nonetheless in significant shade in my garden. I actually like it much better than A. hubrichtii, which hogs all the attention in the Amsonia genus.

It's not all sunshine-and-roses in the Garden of Aaron. (In fact, it's not roses at all, because I don't have any growing here.) These are stressed out clumps of Agastache rugosa 'Honey Bee Blue'. Native to East Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Siberia), these don't seem at all happy at the tail end of a Tennessee summer. It's a pity, because the bees like the long-blooming flowers and the gold finches seem to enjoy the seed. Still, my guess is that they'd prefer a climate with somewhat cooler and/or moister summers.

Perhaps my biggest frustration this year has been the poor performance of Echinacea purpurea. It's supposed to be this colossus (Princess Bride reference), but looks dreadful in late summer. I can't bear to get rid of it completely - it gives too many benefits to bees, butterflies and birds - but I feel like I need to diversify the garden a bit more and pare back on the giant clumps of purple coneflower.

Similarly, I'm not too impressed with my trial of our native Eryngium yuccifolium (rattlesnake master). Admittedly, it's supposed to prefer well-drained sandy soil, not heavy clay. So that could explain the floppiness, but it's supposed to be very drought tolerant, and yet the burnt foliage makes me question that statement. Although, on the other hand, it might have more drought tolerance once it gets better established. The odd spherical flower balls did attract some tiny pollinators, but not as many as I'd hoped. Then again, often pollinators are drawn more to clumps of flowers rather than just a single specimen.

More carnage in the purple coneflower clumps. Sad, sad, sad...

A rather pathetic looking clump of Eupatorium dubium 'Baby-Joe' (dwarf Joe-Pye weed). American Beauties claims that this plant will thrive in "dry to damp soils..." Perhaps it can tolerate dry soil conditions in the northern part of its range (it's native along the Atlantic coast all the way from South Carolina up to Maine), but here in Tennessee, I suspect it needs consistently damp/moist soils to be happy. Since I can't offer such conditions, I doubt it has a long, glorious future in my current garden.

I'll finish on a high note! Half way through the most I showcased a mangled and dried out clump of sunflowers, but around the side of the house this native annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is still cheerfully blooming its head off. I don't expect sunflowers to look pristine all year. Perhaps because they're annuals, I cut them some slack and I don't mind when they start (literally) going to seed. I know there will be volunteers next year happy to march into the fray and support bees, butterflies, birds, squirrels, chipmunks, rabbits and so forth!

I know this has been a marathon post, but I wanted to provide a somewhat exhaustive (exhausting?) survey to point out that just because a plant is native to a state or region, does not automatically mean that it will thrive in your garden. It may need more sun, more shade, more moisture or better drainage than you can (or want to) provide. 

Conversely, it seems to me that many exotic plants are relatively well-behaved (i.e., not invasive or even aggressive) and capable of fending for themselves and adding all sorts of value to the garden - both aesthetic beauty for the gardener and nourishment or shelter for some of the other creatures that share the garden.

I greatly appreciate the value of native plants -- especially when it comes to their co-evolved relationships with native fauna such as Lepidoptera -- but I'm happy to welcome many exotics into my garden. 

(On the other hand, while I am tolerant - even welcoming - of creeping or self-sowing natives, I'm much more likely to give an exotic plant the heave-ho if it shows suspiciously aggressive or prolific tendencies. This has to do with humility -- I'd rather err on the side of caution than risk unleashing another calamity on our local ecosystem.)


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White Nights in the Garden of Aaron

Recently, I was taking a stroll around the garden in the early evening and realized that I have a lot of white flowers blooming right now.

White flowers are pretty any time of day, but they really seem to glow and become luminous in the gloaming, that magical time between sunset and night.

And on nights with a full moon, white flowers continue to shine all night...

Rebloom on the 'Natchez' mock orange (Philadelphus x virginalis 'Natchez')

Phlox paniculata 'David'

'Diana' rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), poised to unfurl

Blue moon rising over Tennessee

Zombies in the Garden

Anise-scented sage (Salvia guaranitica) - it's....back from the DEAD!!

I think zombies get a bad rap.

Well, garden zombies that is!

I'm talking about those plants that you try to kill. You get so frustrated with their underperformance (or in some cases their exuberance) that you rip them from the ground, tear them limb from limb, cut off their heads and put a metaphorical stake through their roots/hearts.

I guess weeds would often qualify as zombie plants, but here I'm talking about a couple of gentler souls that I tried to evict from the garden, but which have won my grudging respect and admiration from the way they miraculously reappeared.


Salvia guaranitica (anise-scented sage) is native to South America (Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay). I planted it for its stunning dark blue flowers and its reported ability to attract and support butterflies and hummingbirds.

But it was very pouty and wilty last year, so I got fed up and shovel-pruned it.

....or so I thought!

But a month or two ago, I saw some familiar-looking foliage popping up in the same spot where S. guaranitica lived last year. Yep, it was back! And strangely, it seems a bit heartier and stronger than before, blooming through the past few weeks of miserably hot, humid weather without even a whimper.

I mean, once you've pulled a Lazarus, I guess everything else is a piece of cake!

(I will note that S. guaranitica is often only rated as hardy to USDA zone 8, whereas I garden on the zone 6/7 border, so we're talking about a plant that defies death in multiple ways!)

The other dearly-not-so-departed plant to make a surprise return to the garden stage is Callicarpa americana, American beautyberry.

You can't keep a good beautyberry down...

I have to admit I was feeling a bit guilty about ripping American beautyberry from the garden last winter, but again it had been a chronic underperformer. It just about croaked when I planted it in full sun originally, and even after I moved it to a partial shade spot in the front border, it seemed awfully delicate and wishy-washy.

But it is a Southeastern native and it does reportedly provide good food for the birds (with its bright purple berries) so I'm glad to find this zombie back in the garden.

And as with the S. guaranitica, beautyberry actually seems much stronger and healthier this time around!  (I suppose with the beautyberry, there's a possibility that I'm actually seeing a seedling rather than the original plant, in which case it could make sense that the seedling is better adapted to its environment than a transplant...)

Have you ever had any (desirable) plants in your garden come back from the dead? And did you welcome these 'zombies' when they showed up?

(Hey, at least they're not asking for brains!!) ;-)

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Caught in the Act

Hope you all had a wonderful 4th of July!

I opened my window this morning to survey the landscape and immediately spied the culprit who has been wreaking havoc in my sunflowers.

Can you spy him/her?

Just the tail visible here...

And then...

Caught yellow-handed!

Luna in Bloom

Nine (I counted) flowers open at once on this Hibiscus moscheutos 'Luna' (rose mallow). That's the most flowers I've ever seen in one day on this plant!

After much anticipation, I looked out the window this morning and saw the rose mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos) covered in giant flowers!

I believe this is the 'Luna Pink Swirl' cultivar that has been named a Louisiana Super Plant. And if it can thrive in the heat and humidity and rain storms of Louisiana, that bodes well for its ability to shine in Tennessee too.

On the other hand, gardeners in more northerly climes should note that H. moscheutos may be hardy as far north as zone 4! (Most sources list zone 5a as the hardiness limit, but Chicago Botanic Garden cites zone 4, and who am I to argue with the CBG?)

I think I've had this plant for 3 or 4 years now and it seems to get a bit bigger and better each year. The first couple of years, the foliage and the buds were attacked by hibiscus sawfly, but fortunately (knock on drywall) that seems to have been less of a problem the last couple of years. 

Perhaps the garden is in balance to the point where something beneficial is keep the hibiscus sawfly in check?

Also, interestingly, whereas something (perhaps the bunny below or maybe a deer?) devoured all the foliage on the Hibiscus coccineus (scarlet rosemallow) that I tried planting this year, the rose mallow has suffered very little nibbling.

Hoppy Monday...

According to BONAP, Hibiscus moscheutos is native throughout the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic and much of New England and the Midwest. Despite being a native plant with large, prominent flowers, I don't see it attract many (any) pollinators. Maybe other cultivars are better at attracting beneficials? 

It is very well-behaved in the garden. It has never self-sowed in my garden and shows no inclination to spread. About the only negative thing I can say about the plant is that it is late to emerge in the spring. But have patience, and you will be rewarded with gorgeous, plate-size, dramatic flowers. 

In the garden, these flowers tend to last for just a day (or part of a day) before being replaced the next with new flowers. As a cut flower, I think it typically looks good for at least a few days in a bowl of water. (Update - I was wrong. It still only stays fresh for about a day or two at most as a cut flower.) Makes a nice centerpiece, don't you think?

PS -  When a flower blooms in the garden, does anyone notice? You'll be among the first to know if you subscribe to Garden of Aaron via email!  

Vitex and the Bees

Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree) attracts bumble bees (and other pollinators) from dawn to dusk

Chaste tree is not native to Middle Tennesse (it's actually native to the Mediterranean region), but even though I generally favor native plants, I think more people should plant chaste tree.

As you can see from these photos, it's one of the best plants in my garden for attracting pollinators, especially our native bumble bees.

It seems incredibly tough, fast-growing and drought tolerant. The foliage stays pretty pristine throughout the growing season. You can prune it hard during winter dormancy and it will bounce back better than ever the next year since it flowers on new growth.

I've heard some sources describe it as invasive, and it certainly does produce a lot of seed, but personally I've never seen a chaste tree seedling and the birds don't seem interested in the seeds, so I suspect any seedlings that did occur would pop up right around the parent plant. If it starts to self-sow aggressively at some point in the future, I will come back and amend this post, but for now it seems unlikely to become invasive, at least in Middle Tennessee. The concerns about invasiveness seem to be higher in Texas, for example, but even there, some reputable sources recommend the plant. Virginia Cooperative Extension says that there is no empirical data (at least in Virginia?) to substantiate an invasive claim for this plant.

More bumble bees on a chaste tree flower spike

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The Blue Bird and the Purple Coneflowers

'Blue Bird' rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) amid purple coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea)

'Blue Bird' hibiscus, that is!

I was inspired by a post on Deb's Garden to snap this photo of my hardy 'Blue Bird' rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus). 

Doesn't it look lovely surrounded by all the purple coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea)? 

(Why they're called purple coneflowers is a mystery to me -- I think they should be called pink coneflowers.)

The coneflowers attract bees, butterflies and hummingbirds to my garden.

Sadly, the only wildlife that seems attracted to rose of Sharon so far are deer and Japanese beetles. Alas! 

Still, while I make many gardening decisions based on a plant's ability to support bees, birds and butterflies, I do make occasional exceptions -- and 'Blue Bird' is one of those exceptions. To earn that exceptional status, a plant must be tough, carefree and beautiful, and 'Blue Bird' ticks those boxes for me.

PS - Some rose of Sharons have a reputation for invasiveness. I bought 'Blue Bird' thinking it was sterile, but that was a goof on my part, because apparently it is fertile. Nonetheless, I have not noticed any seedlings yet. Right now, I don't find it onerous to remove spent flowers before any seedpods have a chance to form. Perhaps when the shrub matures, that task might be more onerous... I did buy a sterile 'Diana' rose of Sharon, but so far it seems less vigorous and the deer are more inclined to munch on it, so I don't know how many flowers it will produce this year.

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Goldfinches Love Mexican Hats!

Photo by Maria de las Mercedes

No, not those Mexican hats...

These Mexican hats (Ratibida columnifera)!

My apologies if these photos are a little hazy - they were all taken through a windowpane.

How many goldfinches can you spy in this patch of Mexican hats? I think I see at least five (four males and one female). At various times, I spied up to 8 or 10 goldfinches feeding in this patch, but this was the most I could get in a single photo.

OK, this goldfinch is not feeding on Mexican hat seeds, but he is waiting on the branch of a chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) before swooping down into the patch of Mexican hats growing below.

Mexican hats are annual flowers, but they self-sow (somewhat vigorously) from year to year. I have many more Mexican hats in my garden this year than I did last year. And with more flowers, comes more bees. With more bees, comes more seeds. With more seeds, comes more birds.

And that's what makes the world go 'round.

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